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Lead also increases the solubility of tin, copper, and antimony, leading to its use in colored enamels and glazes.
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This causes the lead crystal to oscillate, thereby producing its characteristic sound. Since the potassium ions are bound more tightly in a lead-silica matrix than in a soda-lime glass, the former absorbs more energy when struck. Consumers still rely on this property to distinguish it from cheaper glasses. When tapped, lead crystal makes a ringing sound, unlike ordinary glasses. First, lead glass may be worked at a lower temperature, leading to its use in enamelling, and second, clear vessels may be made without trapped air bubbles with less difficulty than ordinary glasses, allowing the manufacture of perfectly clear, flawless objects. From the glassmaker's perspective, this results in two practical developments. The viscosity of glass varies radically with temperature, but that of lead glass is roughly two orders of magnitude lower than that of ordinary soda glasses across working temperature ranges (up to 1,100 ☌ or 2,010 ☏). The addition of lead oxide to potash glass also reduces its viscosity, rendering it more fluid than ordinary soda glass above softening temperature (about 600 ☌ or 1,112 ☏), with a working point of 800 ☌ (1,470 ☏). However, the dispersion must be corrected by other components of the lens system if it is to be achromatic. The high refractive index is useful for lens making, since a given focal length can be achieved with a thinner lens. Crystal cutting techniques exploit these properties to create a brilliant, sparkling effect as each cut facet in cut glass reflects and transmits light through the object. This heightened refractive index also correlates with increased dispersion, which measures the degree to which a medium separates light into its component spectra, as in a prism. Ordinary glass has a refractive index of n = 1.5, while the addition of lead produces a range up to 1.7 or 1.8. The brilliance of lead crystal relies on the high refractive index caused by the lead content. The density of soda glass is 2.4 g/ cm 3 (39 g/cu in) or below, while typical lead crystal has a density of around 3.1 g/cm 3 (51 g/in 3) and high-lead glass can be over 4.0 g/cm 3 (66 g/in 3) or even up to 5.9 g/cm 3 (97 g/in 3). The high atomic number of lead also raises the density of the material, since lead has a very high atomic weight of 207.2, versus 40.08 for calcium. The attractive optical properties of lead glass result from the high content of the heavy metal lead. The addition of lead oxide to glass raises its refractive index and lowers its working temperature and viscosity. Products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled "crystalline" or "crystal glass". Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal". In the European Union, labeling of "crystal" products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Lead-free crystal has a similar refractive index to lead crystal, but it is lighter and it has less dispersive power.
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One alternative material is crystal glass, in which barium oxide, zinc oxide, or potassium oxide are employed instead of lead oxide. Lead crystal glassware was formerly used to store and serve drinks, but due to the health risks of lead, this has become rare. This naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative hollow-ware. It is retained from the Venetian word cristallo to describe the rock crystal imitated by Murano glassmakers. The use of the term lead crystal or just "crystal" remains popular for historical and commercial reasons, and because "lead" sounds toxic to consumers. The term lead crystal is, technically, not an accurate term to describe lead glass, because glass lacks a crystalline structure and is instead an amorphous solid. Lead glass is often desirable for a variety of uses due to its clarity. Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by weight) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass.